PI: Andrew Margenot (UIUC)

Co-PIs: Jango Bhadha, Sandra Guzman (UF), Owen Duckworth (NC State)

Scholars: Yaniv Freiberg (UIUC), MD Anik Mahmud (UF), Devin Rippner (USDA ARS)

Increasing P use efficiency (PUE) is needed to minimize negative externalities of agricultural production systems and US reliance on imported phosphate, with concomitant benefits of mitigating legacy P in the soil-water continuum that contributes to water quality degradation and of increasing US farmer profitability. Utilizing legacy P already in soils via drawdown stands to increase PUE, with immediate economic and water quality benefits. However, accurately quantifying legacy P in soils challenges effective drawdown. While agronomic measures of extractable P can be useful for qualitatively assessing changes in the legacy P pool size, such tests are poor quantitative predictors of legacy P magnitude, agnostic to its speciation, and often insensitive to P balances used to manage legacy P. This project will provide quantitative, speciation-resolved, and balance-sensitive measures of PUE to identify and manage soil legacy P for increased PUE and its associated benefits to agriculture, water quality and society. To do so, we will (1) characterize biochemical and physical fate of soil legacy P by drawing on field- and plot-scale field experiments in the Corn Belt and Aquatic Ecosystem TBLs, including long-term (42-150 year) field experiments; (2) resolve fate and mechanisms by which P inputs accumulated over varying durations equilibrate across the biochemical-physical continuums of varying (un)availability, (3) test upscaled agronomic approaches to utilize residual P based on biochemical-physical assessments, including novel crop cultivars and biofertilizers, and (4) reconcile and co-advance PUE measurements for improved identification, monitoring and management of P in agroecosystems. 

PI: Rubén Rellán-Álvarez (NC State)

Co-PIs: Ross Sozzani, Debjani Sihi (NC State)

Collaborators: Victor Raboy (Retired), Ruairidh Sawers (Penn State), Miguel Pineros (USDA-ARS, Cornell)

Scholars: Lauren Insko, Imani Madison, Nirwan Tandukar (NC State)

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for crop productivity, yet its acquisition, transport, storage, and remobilization in maize remain incompletely understood. In maize seeds, phytic acid (PA) is the main storage form of phosphorus, but it is poorly digested by non-ruminant animals, leading to reduced P bioavailability and increased phosphorus excretion that contributes to environmental contamination. Previous genetic studies identified key genes involved in PA biosynthesis and transport, such as lpa-1 and lpa-2, demonstrating that reduced seed PA effectively increases phosphorus availability. However, many low-PA mutants also exhibited negative impacts on yield, limiting their commercial adoption. Interestingly, phosphorus metabolism in maize is governed by a broader network of genes involved in phosphorus transport, remobilization processes, and PA metabolism. Natural allelic variation in maize wild relatives suggests that targeted genetic alterations across these pathways may reduce seed PA and/or total seed P without compromising yield. Ultimately, we aim to develop transgenic maize mutants in a shared genetic background carrying targeted mutations in candidate genes involved in the key aspects of P metabolism and transport. Together, these alleles form a coordinated framework for modeling phosphorus metabolism and grain accumulation, aiming to improve phosphorus use efficiency and reduce fertilizer inputs and phosphorus waste without compromising yield. 

PI: Chris Muhich (ASU)

Co-PIs: Chris Gorman, Jan Genzer (NC State), Daniel O’Nolan (RTI)

Collaborators:  Paul Westerhoff (ASU), Jacob Jones (NC State)

Scholars: Britney Rickman, Quy Nguyen, Morgan Rooney (NC State); Moumita Bhattacharya (RTI); Pouya Zakerabbasi,  Vivienne Pelletier,  Li Yan (ASU)

Achieving the STEPS 25-in-25 vision requires not only the efficient capture of phosphorus (P), but also its controlled release in a usable form. Conventional triggers for release, such as pH swings, often demand substantial chemical and energy input. This project explores a novel approach using mechanophores—molecules that change configuration in response to mechanical force—to enable reversible phosphate capture and release. Specifically, phosphate-chelating molecules are incorporated into an elastomeric polymer backbone. These chelators are designed with moderate binding energies—approximately half of what is typically required for strong extraction—such that in the absence of external tension, two chelators coordinate to bind a phosphate ion thus removing it from the water stream. When mechanical extension is applied, the distance between chelators becomes too great to sustain two-fold binding, resulting in release of the phosphate into solution.

This convergent project has five key aims:

1. Develop system-level thermodynamic models to determine optimal phosphate binding strengths for various water matrices.
2. Apply AI-driven molecular design to identify chelators matching these target binding energies.
3. Synthesize the designed chelating moieties.
4. Conduct high-throughput testing using an automated robotic screening system to measure the binding energies and validate computational predictions.
5. Develop a strategy for incorporating active chelators into a functional mechanophoric backbone.

PI: Jehangir Bhadha (UF)

Co-PIs: Eric McLamore (U of A); Yara Yingling, Owen Duckworth (NC State), Yirong Mo (JSNN)

Scholars: Hamed Arfania, Shakil Uddin (UF); Xinru Peng, Manoj Adasi Gamaralalage (JSNN); Maria Torres (Univ. of Arkansas)

The overarching need for researching “smart” fertilizers arises from addressing declining crop production and the environmental damage caused by conventional phosphorus fertilizers, contributing to nutrient runoff, eutrophication of water bodies, and deterioration of aquatic ecosystems. The intellectual merit lies in understanding how biofertilizers containing phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms, chelating agents, and siderophores can serve as a sustainable alternative by mobilizing phosphorus from insoluble “legacy” soil pools into plant-available forms through organic acid production and enzymatic activity. Biofertilizers are a particularly promising innovation for histosols with their high organic matter content, where microbial activity typically thrives but remains understudied for crop production. Successfully optimizing biofertilizer formulations could transform agricultural practices by maintaining or improving crop yields while significantly reducing chemical phosphorus inputs, thereby addressing the dual challenges of food security and environmental preservation in a single solution. As a complementary direction, the project would benefit from integrating a data science framework to accelerate the optimization of smart fertilizer strategies, and quantum mechanical studies to elucidate the mechanisms at the atomic and electronic levels. Machine learning approaches will help us uncover patterns and predict outcomes across different soil types, fertilizer treatments, and crop responses.

PI: Ro Cusick (UIUC)

Co-PIs: Treavor Boyer (ASU) and Andrew Margenot (UIUC)

Scholars: Dong Sim, Yaniv Freiberg (UIUC); Lucas Crane (ASU)

Phosphorus (P) recovery from the aqueous byproduct streams of corn and soy biorefineries offers a vastly greater and largely untapped resource compared to recovery from wastewater treatment facilities in the United States. Our recent research shows that individual biorefineries can generate approximately three orders of magnitude more P fertilizer per site than wastewater facilities, and as a result nearly double the total national recovered P potential. This recovery capacity is concentrated in the Midwest, where up to 20% of P fertilizer demand in Corn Belt states could be met through circular P strategies. This stands to reduce point source P losses while achieving 25-by-25. However, critical research gaps remain regarding the engineering feasibility, agronomic performance, and life-cycle sustainability of biorefinery-based P recovery systems. This project will integrate process engineering, agronomy, technoeconomic analysis, and life cycle assessment to evaluate P recovery and reuse from soy protein isolate wastewater in collaboration with industry and non-point source (i.e., end user) stakeholders. Together, this work will demonstrate the technical and environmental potential of P circularity in grain processing and establish a foundation for assessing the broader P footprint of plant-based protein production.

PI: Khara Grieger (NC State)

Co-PIs: Treavor Boyer (ASU), Minliang Yang (NC State)

Collaborator: Paul Westerhoff (ASU)

Research has shown that conventional livestock agriculture often poses significant challenges for phosphorus (P) sustainability. Livestock production generates large quantities of manure, and the runoff of P from manure can contribute to eutrophication and other forms of environmental degradation. At the same time, global meat consumption is projected to remain high, and even increase, despite long-standing efforts to encourage reduced meat intake. These trends highlight the need for innovative approaches to developing alternative protein sources that are more sustainable, nutritious, appealing, and cost-effective, while ideally reducing phosphorus footprints. 

This STEPS study evaluates various alternative protein products in terms of their impacts on P sustainability using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. LCAs provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the potential environmental impacts of a product throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to production, use, and end-of-life management (disposal or recycling). As part of the STEPS project, the research team first conducts a literature review to assess the range and scope of LCAs previously performed on alternative proteins and to identify studies that specifically address P sustainability across life cycle stages. Based on these findings, the team will select several alternative protein products and conduct LCAs to compare their P footprints with those of conventional meat products. The project will also communicate key results on the life cycle environmental impacts and P sustainability of these alternative proteins to relevant stakeholders.

PI: Rebecca Muenich (Univ. of Arkansas)

Co-PIs: Andrew Margenot (UIUC); Daniel Obenour, Natalie Nelson (NC State); Shea Tuberty (App State); Deb Sahoo (Clemson); Jango Bhada (UF)

Scholar: Barira Rashid (Univ. of Arkansas)

The Legacy Phosphorus (Legacy P) project advances our understanding of two important components of legacy P in the landscape: manure and riverine sediments. In this work we investigate how phosphorus stored in river networks (e.g. floodplains, ponds/reservoirs, and streambanks) continues to influence water quality by completing Blitz-style sampling to decrease data gaps and uncertainty, while also focusing on more targeted sampling and analysis projects at the Corn Belt and Appalachian TBLs. Additionally, we build upon previous STEPS work on identifying livestock across the U.S. using remote sensing techniques by incorporating new models for estimating livestock counts. The findings will inform national phosphorus budget models and help determine when and where legacy phosphorus represents a manageable or recoverable source of nutrient pollution. By combining field sampling, laboratory analyses, and modeling, the Legacy P project will provide new insights to guide long-term nutrient management and restoration strategies across U.S. watersheds.

PI: Paul Westerhoff (ASU)

Co-PIs: Li Yan (ASU); Detlef Knappe, Doug Call, Francis de los Reyes (NC State); Brooke Mayer (Marquette)

Scholars: Tingyu (Teri) Li (ASU)

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for food production, yet its recovery from wastewater solids is increasingly challenged by contamination from “forever chemicals”known as PFAS. This project investigates how phosphorus and other valuable materials behave during hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) or hydrolysis processes — promising technologies that can transform or destroy PFAS while converting biosolids into useful energy and material products. Our STEPS team will track how phosphorus, metals, and PFAS partition among the oil, water, and solid phases produced during HTL to determine recovery and reuse potential. The findings will help integrate PFAS destruction with phosphorus recycling, advancing sustainable wastewater management and supporting a circular economy for essential nutrients.

PI: Jan Genzer (NC State)

Co-PI: Kirill Efimenko (NC State)

Collaborators: Ross Sozzani, Owen Duckworth (NC State)

Scholars: Jiangfeng Xu, Imani Madison (NC State)

The study of the decomposition of model organophosphates, dimethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DMNP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP), using Mo-based reaction centers and imidazole-based motifs. DMNP has been used as a traditional model compound. PNPP is relatively unexplored. We identified the formation of stable intermediate complexes and products between the molybdate catalyst and PNPP. In contrast, no intermediate complexes were detected during the hydrolysis of DMNP. We were inspired by the chemical structures of phosphatases, which utilize histidine residues as active sites to hydrolyze organic phosphate. A hydrogel modified with imidazole was tested for the hydrolysis of organic phosphates. To understand the interaction between imidazole and organophosphates, we varied pH and imidazole concentration to examine their effects on the hydrolysis rate. Results showed that aminopropyl imidazole was a good candidate for PNPP hydrolysis, but slow for DMNP hydrolysis. The difference in catalytic behavior may result from the charge states of the two organic phosphates. In addition to modified hydrogel tests, we verified that the imidazole hydrogel can be recycled at least 3 times and maintains its catalytic performance. In addition, the cationic hydrogel can absorb PNPP and serve as a catalytic reservoir for its transfer. In collaboration with the Sozzani group, we conducted initial studies to produce orthophosphates by decomposing PNPP using Mo-complexes as a source of “food” for plants. While the initial results were promising, we found that Mo may be detrimental to plant growth in some cases. We plan to switch to phytic acid as a source. Mo- and imidazole-based motifs do not decompose phytic acid efficiently unless heated to elevated temperatures. We will explore using phytase embedded in (or anchored to) hydrogels to decompose phytic acid and test whether the system provides an effective source of plant-based foods and feeds.

PI:  Bruce Rittmann (ASU)

Co-PIs:  Doug Call (NC State), Sherine Obare (JSNN)

Collaborators:  Joshua Boltz (Woodard & Curran), Brooke Mayer (Marquette), Jan Gentzer (NC State)

Scholars: Maheen Mahmood (ASU), Gayani Pathiraja (JSNN)

High-strength organic waste streams contain large concentrations of organic-P.  The high organic content means that these streams embody renewable energy in their carbon, and co-recovery of energy and P enhances the economic and environmental sustainability for managing these waste streams.  Anaerobic treatment can recover the energy and ready the P for recovery, but little is known about the chemical speciation of P after anaerobic treatment.  The two prime objectives of this project are:  (1) Operate bench-scale anaerobic reactors to generate effluents that can be analyzed by our team and allied STEPS teams for P speciation and recovery.  (2) Develop and apply a mechanistic model to represent the various forms of P that require different recovery approaches.

PI: Rebecca Muenich (Univ. of Arkansas)

Co-PIs: Daniel Obenour, Francis de los Reyes, Natalie Nelson, Yara Yingling (NC State); Bruce Rittmann, Paul Westerhoff (ASU); Brooke Mayer (Marquette); Eric McLamore (Clemson)

Scholars: Minhazul Islam (ASU), Noah Rudko (Univ. of Arkansas), Smitom Borah (NC State)

The Phosphorus Opportunity Zones (POP) project aims to develop a national framework for identifying areas where phosphorus recovery, reuse, and mitigation strategies can have the greatest environmental and economic impact. By integrating data on phosphorus sources, impacts, technologies, and socioeconomic factors, the project seeks to create a flexible, multi-layered tool that can guide future phosphorus management and policy decisions. The research will combine national-scale modeling with detailed case studies at Trible Bottom Line (TBLs) sites to evaluate opportunities for nutrient circularity. Collaborations across engineering, social science, and data science teams will ensure that both technological feasibility and community readiness are incorporated. Ultimately, the POP framework will provide a roadmap for transforming phosphorus waste into a resource, supporting more sustainable nutrient management across the United States and helping STEPS identify pathways for 25-in-25.

PI: Doug Call (NC State)

Co-PIs: Yara Yingling (NC State), Roland Cusick (UIUC), Jessica Deaver (Hazen & Sawyer)

Scholars: Suo Liu, Sabila Pinky (NC State), Rishabh Puri (UIUC)

The Data-Driven Detection of Biological Phosphorus Removal Upset Project aims to help water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) stabilize the biological process they use to remove phosphorus from wastewater. This process is a lower-cost option to chemical methods, but frequently prone to unpredictable upsets. We are collaborating with a technical working group of 10 different WRRFs operators and process engineers to aggregate and standardize years of historical process data.  This curated data will be analyzed to identify early warning signals of biological upsets, allowing operators to troubleshoot issues before they lead to environmental discharge of phosphorus. We are also pilot testing of real-time bioelectrochemical sensors as a means to better identify upset events. Ultimately, this work creates a transferable blueprint for transforming complex raw data into a user-friendly decision-support tool, ensuring that phosphorus recovery is reliable, sustainable, and scalable for WRRFs nationwide.

PI: Marcelo Ardón (NC State)

Co-PIs: Justin Baker, Owen Duckworth, Daniel Obenour (NC State)

Collaborators: Mirela Tulbure (NC State), Tamlin Pavelsky (UNC-CH)

Scholars: Ike Onwuka, Nathan Schunk, Anna Evers (NC State)

This project focuses on filling knowledge gaps on how eutrophication drives greenhouse gas emissions from water bodies. The project has two main objectives: 1) a literature review of how eutrophication impacts emissions of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O from different water bodies, and 2) a set of lab experiments to examine how phosphorus binding materials can impact CH₄ generation from pond and lake sediments. Our study will improve our understanding of how eutrophication impacts greenhouse gas emissions. Our work will inform ways to minimize climate externalities associated with eutrophication of water bodies. We will work with industry partners to better account for climate benefits of eutrophication reduction measures. 

PI: Elise Morrison (UF)

This project explores how salinization, or the addition of salts, can alter the fate of phosphorus (P) in soils from the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) sites, and how it can be influenced by water management decisions. Depending on the soil and environmental context, salinization can increase P losses from soils, but in other circumstances, it can increase P retention. Salinization can also alter coupled cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), and sulfur (S). This project’s overarching research question is: how is coupled P, N, and C cycling altered by increasing salinity in TBL soils and how does this influence P availability and downstream losses? Findings from this study will directly relate to STEPs’ 25-in-25 vision to reduce P losses by 25% in 25 years. Our research will focus on STEPS’ TBL sites, which experience a range of salinization drivers. For example, in the aquatic TBL site (Florida), saltwater intrusion is increasing salts in groundwater that is used for irrigating crops. In the arid, urban TBL site (AZ), reclaimed water and irrigation practices can result in salinizing soils, while in the rural TBL site (North Carolina), drought-induced saltwater intrusion can impact the health of restored wetlands and the forestry industry. Salinization will be explored at each of these sites by developing a conceptual framework using existing data and archived samples for each site. Then, soil cores from each site will be subjected to different salt concentrations and flood/drought conditions to experimentally test the conceptual framework and determine how salinization changes P mobilization at each site. Ultimately, this will allow us to determine how water management decisions can influence P mobilization across the TBLs.

PI: Daniel Obenour (NC State)

Co-PI: Natalie Nelson (NC State)

Collaborators:  Matthew Scholz, Jim Elser (ASU, SPA), Rebecca Muenich (Univ. of Arkansas); Roger von Haefen, Jay Rickabaugh (NC State)

Scholars: Smitom Borah, Christopher Oates (NC State)

Excess nutrient loading to lakes and reservoirs is a persistent problem across much of the world, leading to water quality degradation and associated ecological and socio-economic damage. In this project, we will show how emerging geospatial datasets, each with unique strengths, limitations, and uncertainties, can be integrated into a robust national assessment of nutrient intervention priorities. This project leverages ongoing research to improve characterization of watershed nutrient losses and nutrient-algal relationships.  Specific tasks include database development, missing data imputation, characterization of nutrient reduction benefits across lakes, creation of the prioritization framework, and knowledge transfer.  Throughout this project, a technical working group (TWG) of experts and stakeholders will help ensure the assessment utilizes the latest data and science, and that it yields products useful for management and public communication.

PI: Justin Baker (NC State University)

PI: Yara Yingling (NC State)

The STEPS Knowledge Hub is an interactive, AI-powered platform that unites diverse data on phosphorus to advance sustainable nutrient management. Phosphorus is vital for food production but often lost to waste and pollution. The Hub integrates thousands of research papers, computational and experimental results, policy papers, and relevant databases into one open, searchable system. Using machine learning models, it can identify patterns, compare new data with literature, and generate insights that guide better recovery and reuse strategies. An interactive chatbot workspace allows users to ask questions, visualize data, and explore research connections across disciplines. By linking people, data, and artificial intelligence, the STEPS Knowledge Hub transforms scattered information into actionable knowledge, accelerating progress toward phosphorus sustainability and the STEPS mission.

PI: Kelly Chernin (App State)

The purpose of this project is to address the communication gap between scientists and the public by providing training for researchers on how to communicate phosphorus sustainability research to trusted local media. The program will build on existing media training models focused on athletes, developing and pilot testing a science communication approach centered on plain language, storytelling, and emotional resonance. Working with AppTV, scientists will receive on-camera experience and professional feedback while producing media-ready science content. The messaging effectiveness will be evaluated by assessing audience understanding and engagement with the messages through pre- and post- training video comparisons. Phase two will extend this training to other STEPS institutions and local media markets in Raleigh and Charlotte. The hope of the project is to prepare scientists to become credible and relatable communicators by developing a scalable model for enhanced environmental literacy and community engagement in phosphorus sustainability.

PI: Jay Rickabaugh (NC State)

Co-PIs: Graham Ambrose, Ritwick Ghosh (NC State)

Collaborators: Anna Marshall, Jonathan Coppess (UIUC)

Scholars: Shwetha Delanthamajalu (UIUC); Paulin Kissi, Andrew Laughter (NC State)

Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs) provide technical and financial resources to land users in implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs). How these resources are distributed are likely to be varied combinations of social factors, local biophysical conditions, and the statutory landscape in which SWCDs make decisions. The ~3000 SWCDs in the United States operate under a wide range of state laws that empower and constrain their governance. SWCDs also often partner with other local governments, USDA-Natural Resource Conservation Services, state Departments of Agriculture and/or Environmental Quality, and university agricultural extension services to coordinate activities across local boundaries and policy arenas. By better understanding the conditions under which decisions are made and partnerships are developed, we can develop policy interventions that optimize nutrient use and minimize downstream impacts.

PI: Gail Jones (NC State)

Co-PIs: Maude Cuchiara, Alison Deviney, Terri Long (NC State); Christine Hendren (App State)

Collaborators: Steve McDonald, Khara Grieger (NC State); Gina Childers (TTU), Anna-Maria Marshall (UIUC), Tiffany Rybiski (ASU); Megan Ennes, Jango Bhadha (UF)

Scholar: Cameron Good (NC State)

This research will investigate the impact of convergence graduate education on doctoral students; examine social networks to gain insight into doctoral students’ research experiences (e.g., what networks exist, how networks change, who asks or offers assistance, gender and race/ethnicity networks, and networks across institutions), track scholars as they move through their graduate program to examine how their STEPS experiences influence their career trajectory; apply an expectancy value framework to measure scholars’ academic identity, sense of belonging, and impostorism as they work in convergence research; research the efficacy of an augmented reality system to teach middle school students about the movement of phosphorus in farm runoff; and investigate teachers’ knowledge of phosphorus and the role of phosphorus in the environment. The outcomes of this work will provide insight into designing convergence graduate research experiences, provide a deeper understanding of belonging and impostorism in a convergence research environment, test the efficacy of augmented reality as an instructional tool, and determine base-line information about teachers’ knowledge related to phosphorus and phosphorus sustainability.

PI: Christine Hendren (App State)

Co-PIs: Grace Marasco-Plummer, Chrystal Dean, Vicky Klima (App State)

Collaborators: Ashley Adams, Kelly Chernin, Jason Curry, Anne Fanatico, Hei-Young Kim, Matthew Ogwu, Shea Tuberty, Alexia Witcombe, Jeremy Ferrell, Mark Hills, Sophia Dent, Michael Hambourger, Derek Martin, Bob Swarthout (App State)

The Operationalizing convergence across the teaching and research enterprises (Highlands TBL Project) will leverage Appalachian’s institutional strengths, its unique location, and its expertise in integration to advance the STEPS mission by convening a transdisciplinary team of faculty and undergraduate students with the following goals: 

1. Develop and implement a model for transdisciplinary research and education that enhances PUI participation within a large, distributed research network such as STEPS, 
2. Use this model to generate and integrate P-flow data and knowledge toward the characterization of the North Carolina High Country as a unique (to STEPS) Triple Bottom Line (TBL) site, enabling critical investigations of P flows, as well as the decisions and practices that influence them, in headwater regions and in a rural setting dominated by smallholder agricultural practices, and
3. Integrate the App State Faculty and STEPS Scholars into the wider STEPS network including stakeholders and other universities, piloting convergence education and developing a pipeline of future trainees from a student body with over 25% rural and 35% first generation students.

The STEPS Roadmap Toward U.S. Phosphorus Sustainability, developed in 2023, identified relevant and impactful opportunities for research, development, and intervention based upon nine Impact Opportunities identified and vetted iteratively by stakeholders. The creation of a roadmap implementation timeline will consider currently available intervention practices and technologies, needed R&D, and their associated Technology Readiness Levels through iterative work with key stakeholder groups.

Researchers and key stakeholders will discuss technologies and strategies relevant to lost phosphorus and co-create recommendations for decision-makers to address this phosphorus across scales and the activities in each of the three CTs (fields (CT 1), landfills (CT 2), surface waters (CT 3), during a dynamic reception as part of the Phosphorus Policy Forum.

A workshop on Phosphorus and the Circular Bioeconomy in conjunction with the American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers (ASABE) Circular Bioeconomy Institute, to facilitate engagement with other researchers and stakeholders to advance the integration of phosphorus in circular bioeconomy innovations.